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Fruits
> Grape
> Manuring & Fertilization
At Pre-Bearing Age
In India grapevines are pruned one year after
planting. For developing adequate canopy, fast
and profuse vegetative growth is encouraged. Thus
by giving 100g urea together with 200g of super
phosphate at monthly intervals to each vine develops
adequate branches in pre-bearing period.
At Bearing Age
The efficiency of applied nutrients increases
by placing them in the active feeder root zone.
In grape vines fertilizers are placed around the
vine at 10-15 cm depth in a shallow circular ring
of 60-75 cm radius. Ring method is adopted to
provide split doses of fertilizers to vines planted
at wider spacing. Band method is adopted in case
of vines spaced at a closer spacing within a row
and widely spaced between the rows. A shallow
trench is opened 45-60 cm away from the vine on
either side of the row and fertilizers are placed
along the length and covered with soil.
In drip irrigated vineyards 10-15cm deep pit
is excavated under the dripper. The number of
pits depends on the number of dripper placed around
the vine. Fertilizer is applied in the pit and
covered by soil.
Nutrient requirement in case of grapevines differs
from variety, soil characteristics and cultural
practices. Relative nutrient requirement of grapes
at different stages of growth is given below:
| Days After
Back Pruning |
N |
P |
K |
Mg |
| 0-30 |
High |
Medium |
Nil |
Nil |
| 32-60 |
Low |
High |
Low |
Medium |
| 61-90 |
Nil |
Medium |
High |
Medium |
| 91-120 |
Nil |
Nil |
Low |
Nil |
| Days After
Forward Pruning |
|
| 0-40 |
High |
Low |
Low |
Low |
| 41-70 |
Medium |
Medium |
Medium |
Low |
| 71-110 |
Low |
Low |
High |
Medium |
| 111-140 |
Nil |
Nil |
Medium |
Nil |
(Source : NRC Grapes)
To determine the nutrient needs of the grapevine
it has been found that leaf analysis is better
as compared to soil analysis. It is also useful
in finding out the association of nutrients with
some disorders. Normally petiole nutrient contents
are analysed 45 days after back pruning. A critical
level of petiole nutrient contents during bloom
time has been worked out. The nutrient contents
of the petiole below the critical level indicate
the need for fertilization. If case of low nutrient
level full dose of fertilizer is given, if adequate
or normal 75% and if higher then 50% of the recommended
dose is applied.
Recommended doses nutrients
at different levels in the petioles :
| |
Low |
Adequate |
High |
Excess |
| Petiole content
(%) |
<0.87
|
>0.87-1.54
|
1.54-2.66
|
>2.66 |
Dose
of N (Kg/ha)
Red Sandy
Black clay
|
300
666 |
225
500 |
150
333 |
-
-
|
| Petiole content
(%) |
<0.19 |
0.19-0.32 |
0.32-0.95
|
>0.95
|
Dose
of P (Kg/ha)
Red Sandy
Black clay |
500
88 |
375
666 |
250
444 |
-
- |
| Petiole content
(%) |
<0.60 |
0.60-2.24 |
- |
>2.73
|
Dose
of K (Kg/ha)
Red Sandy
Black clay |
1000
666 |
750
500 |
500
333 |
-
- |
| Petiole content
(%) |
<0.33
|
0.33-0.50 |
0.50-0.70 |
>0.70 |
Dose
of MgSO4
(kg/ha)
Red Sandy
Black clay |
180
180 |
135
135 |
90
90 |
-
- |
| |
|
|
|
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(Source : Pre-harvest Manual For Production Of Table
Grapes For Exports- APEDA, New Delhi)
Nutritional Deficiency :
Magnesium
This deficiency is mostly observed in Bangalore
and Kolar in Karnataka. Symptoms appear as pronounced
pattern of whitish yellow colour between the veins
with the areas adjacent to the larger veins remaining
green. In advanced stages the margins of the leaves
become brown.
Control :
Soil application of Magnesium Sulphate (250 kg/ha)
at the pruning time is recommended.
Iron
This deficiency is observed in Nasik and Pune
districts in Maharashtra. Symptoms appear as yellowing
of younger leaves with small veins remaining green.
Control :
Soil application of Fe-EDDHA or foliar application
of Ferrous Sulphate (250g/100 litre water) + citric
acid (50g)+ liquid detergent (125 ml) is recommended.
Zinc
This deficiency is mostly observed in Nasik and
Ahmednagar districts in Maharashtra. Symptoms
appear as stunted lateral shoots with small leaves
(little leaf). The small veins remain green with
interveinal tissues remaining green-pale yellow.
Clusters show poor set and shot berries with smallest
one remaining green.
Control :
Soil application of Zinc Sulphate (250 kg/ha)
or foliar spray of Zinc Sulphate (200g /100 litre
water) + 50 ml liquid detergent is recommended.
Boron
This deficiency is mostly observed in Chikaballapur
in Kolar and Bangalore in Karnataka. Symptoms
appear as death of shoot tips and leaves near
the shoot tips with chlorotic areas between the
veins. Necrosis of the old yellow tissues takes
place. Uneven, compressed shot and immature berries
Control :
Soil application of Borax or Boric Acid (10 kg/ha)
or foliar spray of borax/boric acid (1g/litre)
4 times before flowering is recommended.
Calcium
This deficiency is mostly observed on Thompson
Seedless variety in Pune district of Maharashtra.
Calcium deficiency leads to grape bunch necrosis.
Control :
Foliar spray of Calcium Acetate /Calcium Chloride
/Calcium Nitrate (2 g/litre water) + liquid detergent
(50 ml) is recommended.
Excess of Sodium and Chloride
Salts
This is mostly observed in Sangli district of
Maharashtra. Excess of Sodium and Chloride salts
leads to the development of typical salt burn
symptoms. These symptoms start form the margins
of the leaves and progresses inwards.
Control :
Use of rootstock e.g. Salt Creek, Dogridge, 1613
or St. George depending on extent of salinity
is recommended.
Potassium
This deficiency symptom is mostly observed in
Maharashtra. Symptoms appear as fading of green
colour from the leaf margins and areas adjacent
to the main veins. In severe cases wilting and
subsequent drying of rachis and attached berries
is observed.
Control :
Application of Potash based on the petiole analysis
done at full bloom stage is recommended
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